Helpful Links

Located below you will find links to various subjects we will study throughout the year. I take no responsibility for dead links or anything else. I have checked out most of the links as I add them, but if they change, please let me know so I can fix them. Some of the links will take you directly to the site while others will take you to a Yahoo category for that topic.

French and Indian War

USA: French and Indian War 1 - from A Hypertext on American History.
USA: French and Indian War's Impact on America - from A Hypertext on American History.
USA: The Seven Years War - including major conflicts, and Washington Marches.
Virtualology: French And Indian War - about the North American colonial wars between Great Britain and France. Includes Dolley Madison's 1814 account of the Burning of Washington.
Web Directory: The French and Indian War - annotated list of links.
USA: Paris Treaty 1763 - from A Hypertext on American History.

Brief History of the French and Indian War - from the Philadelphia Print Shop.
Canadian Iroquois and The Seven Years' War - collection of articles about First Nations in the Seven Years' War, parallel warfare, and Amerindian-French alliances.
Digital History - The French Indian War - comprehensive history of the conflict also known as the Seven Years War.
French and Indian War Magazine On-line - history and links with an emphasis on Re-enactments.
French and Indian War Page - general information on the war.
French and Indian War's Impact on America - essay looking at how the British triumph over France in the French and Indian War opened the door to the American Revolution.
How Newspapers Covered The French and Indian War - from The Early America Review.
Scalping During the French and Indian War - from the Early American Review, vol II, no.3.
Seven Years War Association - making information available of an historical and wargame nature.
Seven Years War Website - articles, links, reenactment information presented by the Discriminating General.

On the Plains of Abraham - full text of an article by Laura Byrne Paquet about the battle between the French and English armies outside Quebec in 1759.
Soldier's Account of the Campaign on Quebec, 1759 - a sergeant major's account of the siege of Quebec telling about the events leading up to and including the surrender of Quebec.
UW Library: Plains of Abraham Letter - description and images of the letter by Rear-Admiral Charles Holmes detailing the events of a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War.
Battle for a Continent: Plains of Abraham - video clips, photos, and descriptions of a re-enactment of the battle for an episode of the CBC "Canada, A People's History" show.
1755 French and Indian War - dedicated to the French soldiers who came to Canada from 1755-1763 to fight in the French and Indian War.

American Revolution

If you are looking for a very good place to start your research, go here:

American Revolution This site has just about everything you will need to get you started. Listen to the battle marches (songs), check out the statistics and leaders, read the documents. It is a very well done site with TONS of information.

Boston Tea Party - December 16, 1773 - brief description of the tax revolt.
Boston Tea Party - Eyewitness Account - from HistoryPlace.com.
Boston Tea Party ... Drinking To Independence - concerning the revolutionary act, and its effect on tea consumption in America.
Boston Tea Party Ship and Museum - includes a full-sized replica of one of the original tea party ships.
Boston Tea Party: 1773 - from the WebChron Project.
High Tea in Boston Harbor - from Liberty! Chronicle of the Revolution.
Lord Buckley's "The Boston Tea Party" - one version of events that led up to the tax protest.

Georgia and the American Revolution - includes chronology, events in the Georgia colony, and brief biographies of Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton.
Illinois' Revolutionary Ancestors - listing of the membership and ancestors of Illinois's sons who served as soldiers in the American Revolution.
Maryland Loyalism and the American Revolution - features extensive information about Tories in the Maryland Colony. Includes the text of John Chalmers' "Plain Truth," biography of William Augustus Bowles, and Loyalist songs and poetry.
New York Freedom Trail - virtual tour of important sites connected with the Revolutionary War and the struggle for American liberty.
Pennsylvania in the War for American Independence
Gaspee Virtual Archives - collection of information relating to the burning of the British revenue schooner, HMS Gaspee, by Rhode Island patriots in 1772.
Virtualology: Crispus Attucks - provides biographical background on the first man killed in the Boston Massacre. Includes related links.
Who2 Profile: Crispus Attucks - about the revolutionary and martyr who died in the Boston Massacre.
Boston Massacre - A Behind-the-Scenes Look At Paul Revere's Most Famous Engraving - from The Early America Review.
Boston Massacre Oration - speech given by John Hancock on the anniversary of the Boston Massacre, March, 5 1774.
BostonMassacre.Net - includes pictures, documents, a timeline, and essays related to the event.
Captain Thomas Preston's Account of the Boston Massacre
James Chalmers and Plain Truth - describes the Loyalist pamphlet Chalmers wrote in response to Tom Paine's Common Sense. From Christopher New's book Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution.
Liberty! The American Revolution - six part documentary series about the two and a half decades of debate and rebellion, war and peace.
Lighting Freedom's Flame - National Park Service's Revolutionary War site featuring online exhibits, timeline, this date in history, and events in the parks.
Logistics and the Defeat of Gentleman Johnny - highlights John Burgoyne's inattention to logistical concerns during the New York expedition and the resulting loss in the Saratoga campaign.
Loyalist and British Songs of the American Revolution
Old Barracks Museum - historic, Revolutionary War site that provides public tours, exhibits, and information.
Our Country, Volume 2 - history of the American Revolution from 1760 until the early days of independence around 1800.
Revolutionary War Virtual Battlefield Tours - Bennington, Cowpens, Guilford Courthouse, Yorktown, and links to many others.
Revolutionary War: A Journey Towards Freedom - primary sources, biographies, forums, and games on the American Revolution. Includes a illustrated tour of Valley Forge.
Revolutionary War: Birth of a Nation
Revwar.com - includes links to articles, historical documents, re-enactment groups, and newsgroups.
Spy Letters of the American Revolution - exhibit of American and British spy letters from the Henry Clinton Collection at the Clements Library. Contains images, maps, transcriptions, stories, biographies, and timeline.
Tale of Two Revolutions - by Robert A. Peterson. Article from the Freeman comparing the French and American Revolutions.
The War Inevitable - speech by Patrick Henry, March 1775.
USA: Boston Teaparty - short description of one of the main events that touched off a revolution.
Women Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War - profiles and background. Includes a note about legendary figure Molly Pitcher.
WWW-Virtual Library: Revolutionary Era - directory of resources related to the American Revolutionary War. Includes biographies of Continentals, patriots, and key British figures.

Bouty's Revolution Page
Cowpens National Battlefield - commemorates a decisive battle that helped turn the tide of Revolutionary War in the South.
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park - site of the largest, most hotly-contested action of the Revolutionary War's climactic Southern Campaign.
History Place - American Revolution
Battle of Saratoga - Revolutionary War reenactment. Includes interviews with Americans and British, pictures, battle maps, history, and more.
Battles of Saratoga - describes the battle at Freeman's Farm on September 19, 1777, and at Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777.
Liberty: Burgoyne Surrenders at Saratoga - from the PBS series. Describes the battle and its aftermath and includes a clip from the program.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute: Battle of Saratoga - provides military analysis of the battle, including background and events.
Battle of Bunker Hill - examination of the events that led to the battle and the events following.
Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War - lesson plan including historical context, maps, readings, images, and activities. From the National Register of Historic Places.
Decisive Day is Come, The - features personal accounts and eyewitness descriptions of the battle along with contemporary maps, drawings, engravings, broadsides, and artifacts.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute: Battle of Breed's Hill / Bunker Hill - provides military analysis of the battle, including background and events.

Documents from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention - search for specific documents, or browse a complete list.
Intolerable Acts and 1st Continental Congress - information on how the Intolerable Acts led to the formation of the First Continental Congress.
Account of a Declaration - Thomas Jefferson's account of the circumstances leading to the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies, The - text from the Indiana University School of Law.
Declaration of Independence of the United States of America - images of the original and the William J. Stone engraving. From the National Archives and Records Administration.
Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents - exhibit from the Library of Congress. Features chronology, engravings, and documents, including rough drafts of the Declaration.
Founding.com - user's guide to the Declaration of Independence. Includes a timeline, related issues, and philosophy.
History Channel: The Declaration of Independence - features biographies of the signers, a teacher's guide, and interpretations of the document.
Interpreting the Declaration of Independence by Translation - examining how it has been translated into different languages and at different times with naive retranslations back to English.
NPR: The Reading of the Declaration of Independence - online feature dedicated to NPR's annual July 4 tradition.
Virtualology: The Declaration of Independence - features background, with scans of original documents and handwriting samples of the committee of five.

Battles

Battle of Saratoga - Revolutionary War reenactment. Includes interviews with Americans and British, pictures, battle maps, history, and more.
Battles of Saratoga - describes the battle at Freeman's Farm on September 19, 1777, and at Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777.
Liberty: Burgoyne Surrenders at Saratoga - from the PBS series. Describes the battle and its aftermath and includes a clip from the program.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute: Battle of Saratoga - provides military analysis of the battle, including background and events.

Battle of Bunker Hill - examination of the events that led to the battle and the events following.
Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War - lesson plan including historical context, maps, readings, images, and activities. From the National Register of Historic Places.
Decisive Day is Come, The - features personal accounts and eyewitness descriptions of the battle along with contemporary maps, drawings, engravings, broadsides, and artifacts.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute: Battle of Breed's Hill / Bunker Hill - provides military analysis of the battle, including background and events.

1781: The Battle of Yorktown - account of the battle, excerpted from the book Our Country, published in 1877.
Battle of Yorktown, The - description of the last major battle of the Revolutionary War, and its aftermath.
Liberty: Yorktown is Won - account of the battle, from PBS' American Revolution documentary site.
Patriot Resource: Battle of Yorktown - background and summary of the 1781 battle.
The Battle of Trenton
A Journey Towards Freedom
The Crossing and Battle at Trenton - 1776
Battle of Trenton- 1776
Battle of Trenton
Battle of Cowpens
Battle of Cowpens
The Battle of Cowpens - National Guard Heritage Series
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
The Patriot Resource: Battle of Guilford Courthouse
The Battle of Guilford Court House

Here's Some stuff on Lexington and Concord...I don't know what's here. I didn't even look at them, but you can.

Constitutional Convention Era

Articles of Confederation [csusm.edu] - from California State University San Marcos.
Articles of Confederation [ukans.edu] - from the University of Kansas.
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union - from Archiving Early America.
Articles of the Confederation (1781) - from A Hypertext on American History.
Avalon Project: The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England - from the Yale Law School.
Nine Months in York Town: 225th Anniversary of the Articles of Confederation - offers historical overview, teacher's guide, video of the Old York Court House, and more.
U.S. Constitution Online: Articles of Confederation - from USConstitution.net.
Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention - from the American Memory Collection at the Library
Documents from the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention - search for specific documents, or browse a complete list.

Constitution and Bill of Rights

U.S. Constitution
U.S. Constitution [.net] - hypertext version of the U.S. constitution, with a FAQ, message base, glossary, and comprehensive links to information on U.S. State and other constitutions.
United States Constitution [www.house.gov]
US Constitution Resource Centre - offers links to a range of references and a downloadable study guide.
U.S. Constitution: Preamble - from Findlaw.com. Offers text of the preamble, as well as annotations on the purpose and effect of the article.
Preamble of the Constitution, The - includes an image of the preamble from the original document.
Constitution of the United States of America - annotated version helps to explain the context of and background of different parts of the document. From the U.S. Senate.
United States Constitution Search - a searchable index of information.
American Constitutions - original, unmodified Pennsylvania State Constitution and the United States Constitution.
Constitution Day - commemorating the signing of the United States Constitution. Observed on September 17th.
Constitution of the United States of America [midnightbeach.com]
ConstitutionFacts.com - includes the full text, plus a number of facts and insights, its history, and how it has been interpreted since its creation.
The Bill of Rights Institute - educating high school students through classroom material and programs that teach what the Bill of Rights protects, how it affects our daily lives, and how it shapes our society.
The U. S. Bill of Rights - from the National Archives and Records Administration.
United States Bill of Rights
Federal Constitutions
FindLaw: U.S. Constitution

Federalist Era

American President: The Man Who Could Be King - examines the campaign, issues, and elections of 1788 and 1792.
Federalist Era
Election Central: 1789
Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789, The - from The Papers of George Washington.
President Elect: 1789 - offers details of the election between George Washington, John Adams, and others.
Presidential Election History: 1789 - details the election results.
American Presidents: John Adams - life facts, text of his 1797 Inaugural Address portrait, trivia, and a letter to Jefferson.
.DAR Report Internet References: John Adams - biographical profile.
Encyclopedia Americana: John Adams - biography of the second U.S. president.
Footnote to the Political Theory of John Adams, A - includes examination of his early political writings.
Inaugural Address - by John Adams, March 4, 1797.
John Adams (1797-1801) - biography of the second president from the official White House site.
John Adams: Critical Review - reviewing the Adams presidency.
John Adams: Unsung Hero of the American Revolution
Studyworld: John Adams - biographical information.
Virtualology: John Adams - biography and links.
Who2: John Adams - offers a career profile and an annotated directory of links related to the 2nd President of the United States.
President Elect: 1792 - details election results.
Presidential Election History: 1792 - offers facts about the election in which George Washington received the majority of electoral votes and became president, while his opponent John Adams received 77 votes and so became vice president.

Age of Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson - includes forums, a photographic essay on the pursuit of happiness, archives of Jefferson's writings, and background on the making of the Ken Burns film.
Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery
Thomas Jefferson - Signer of the Declaration of Independence - features handwriting sample and biography of the third president.
Thomas Jefferson on Slavery
Thomas Jefferson Papers, The - from the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress.
Thomas Jefferson's Views On Women - from The Early America Review - Fall 1997.
Thomas Jefferson, Third President - includes a biography and the texts of his inaugural addresses, from the White House site.
USA: Jefferson on Slavery
Jeffersonian Perspective, The - commentary on today's social and political issues based on the writings of Thomas Jefferson.
American Presidents: Thomas Jefferson - facts, trivia, 1801 and 1805 Inaugural Address, plus a letter that includes a list of practical observations and a poem.
Biography of Thomas Jefferson
Encyclopedia Americana: Thomas Jefferson - biographical information on the third president of the United States.
Interpreting Thomas Jefferson - explores the world of Thomas Jefferson with a particular emphasis on applying Jefferson’s vision carefully to the world of the late Twentieth Century.
Jefferson Bible, The - in this text Thomas Jefferson sought to separate Jesus' ethical teachings from the religious dogma and other supernatural elements that are intermixed in the account provided by the four Gospels.
Jefferson Legacy Foundation - nonprofit group dedicated to advancing the principles of Thomas Jefferson through education about Jefferson, his time, and his philosophy.

Ask Thomas Jefferson - quotes organized by topic.
Jefferson Quotes on Politics & Government - excerpts from Jefferson's writings provide a complete outline of his political philosophy.

Politics and Political Campaigns: Election of 1800 - summary of election results.
President Elect: 1800 - offers an overview of the election results.
Thomas Jefferson Papers, The - from the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress.

War of 1812

Decatur, Stephen (1779-1820) - American naval officer who captured the British frigate Macedonian in the War of 1812.
Fort Norfolk 1812 Garrison - Living History/Reenactment group in the Tidewater area of Virginia portraying the units that served during the War of 1812.
Galafilm Multimedia: The War of 1812 - explore the war through eye-witness accounts, interviews with historians and more. Presented in English and French.
H.M.S. Detroit Project - constructing a full size replica of the HMS Detroit which led Commodore Robert Hariot Barclay's Fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie.
Horseshoe Bend National Military Park - significant site of action in the Creek War, which resulted in the largest loss of life by Native Americans in conflict with US troops.

Battle of New Orleans, 19 January 1815 - from Documents in Military History.
Cabildo: The Battle of New Orleans - key players, preparations for war, the battle, and pictures of war relics.
Historic Traveler Feature: Battle of New Orleans - full text article from March '98.
Scottish Regiment at the Battle of New Orleans 1815 - the 93rd were deprived of their kilts and feathered bonnets and sent into action in tartan trews and a particularly unbecoming form of cocked Kilmarnock bonnet.
Virtualology: Battle of New Orleans - features background, related links, and the reproduction of a letter from Andrew Jackson.

Niagara History: Oliver Hazard Perry - bio of the Commodore from U.S. Brig Niagara site where you can follow the progress of Perry's flagship reconstruction.
Perry Prevails: The Battle of Lake Erie - feature from the April '97 Military History magazine.

1814 Treaty of Ghent - text of the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States of America.
Avalon Project: Treaty of Ghent 1814 - text of the treaty.
Britannica.com: Treaty of Ghent - brief article exploring the reasons behind the treaty.
Treaty of Ghent of 1814, The - text of the treaty between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America.

U.S. Brig Niagara and Erie Maritime Museum - home of the U.S. Brig Niagara reconstruction of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's flagship in the battle of Lake Erie.
Virtualology: War of 1812 - features the text of the British account of the capture of Washington D.C. as reported in The Columbian Centinel, December 7, 1814. Also provides related links.
War of 1812
War of 1812 Website - articles, links and reenactment information.
War of 1812-1814 - covers all aspects of the conflict, with battles, causes, weapons and people.
Women Were There: The Wars of 1812, 1846, and the Spanish American War - brief overview and profiles.
Lafitte, Jean (1780?-1825?) - gentleman pirate of New Orleans.

Co. A 7th United States Infantry Living History Assoc. - dedicated to preserving the heritage of the Regular Army soldier, his family and associates during War of 1812, Seminole Wars and Mexican War.
Fort Erie War of 1812 Re-enactment Units - aid to all military units who portray the period in time known as the War of 1812.
Fort Norfolk 1812 Garrison - Living History/Reenactment group in the Tidewater area of Virginia portraying the units that served during the War of 1812.
Frontier Days - presents live reenactments of Tennessee militiamen from Fort Toulouse during the War of 1812 and the Creek War of 1813-1814.
Historic Elk Landing - living history museum focusing on the American Revolution and the War of 1812 at the top of the Chesapeake Bay.
Marine Detachment 1812 - volunteer division affiliated with the USS Constitution Museum, dedicated to portrayal of the U.S. Marine Corps during the War of 1812.
Project HMS Detroit - living history project dedicated to the significance of Amherstburg, the King's Navy Yard, Fort Malden, and the ship H.M.S. Detroit.

Age of Jackson

American Presidents: Andrew Jackson - facts, trivia, a letter written to his wife regarding their son and about a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, plus the full text to his 1829 and 1833 Inaugural Addresses.
Andrew Jackson - includes facts, biography, and inaugural addresses.
Andrew Jackson and the Bankwar - essay by Tony D'Urso.
Andrew Jackson and the Tavern-Keeper's Daughter - June 1999 American History article on the scandal that broke up the President's first cabinet.
Brief Biography of Andrew Jackson - by Hal Morris
Encyclopedia Americana: Andrew Jackson - biographical information of the President known as "Old Hickory".
Hermitage, The - home of President Andrew Jackson.
Whitehouse.gov: Andrew Jackson - information on the seventh President of the United States, who was often called "Old Hickory".

Manifest Destiny and Expansion

Black Bean Lottery 1843 - 176 members of an unauthorized army of Texans captured in Mexico drew beans from a jar to determine which 17 among them would die for their alleged crimes.
Descendants of Mexican War Veterans - non-profit national lineage society chartered by State of Texas. Activities and purposes are genealogical, historical, educational, and charitable in nature.
History Guy: The Mexican-American War - brief background on the war with links.
Mexican War 1846-1848
Mexican-American War Memorial Homepage - review and analysis of the Mexican-American War.

The U.S.-Mexican War and the Peoples of the Year 2000 - new interpretations of the war can be linked to what we know about the migrations of the 1990s.
Timeline - from PBS.
U.S. - Mexican War (1846-1848) - companion site to the PBS documentary.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (1794-1876) - short biography and photo of the General.
Antonio López de Santa Anna Collection - prepared by the Mexican Archives Project at the University of Texas.
Leg I Left Behind, The - parody of an old song adapted by the American troops about General Santa Ana and his wooden leg.
The West: Antonio López de Santa Anna - offers a biography of his personal, political, and military life. From the PBS series.
Alamo, The - retells the history of the Alamo.
Alamo, The - an account of the battle.

Emigrant Road
End Of The Oregon Trail - uses living history interpretations and exhibits that immerse visitors in the dreams, desires and adventures of those who made the journey west.
GORP: Oregon National Historic Trail
National Oregon/California Trail Center - living history interpretive center depicts the life and times of the travelers through Idaho.
Oregon Trail - compendium on the great western journey.
Oregon Trail Time Frame - year by year description of the explorers, wagon trains, and events.
Oregon Trail Travelers - reenactment group depicting 1840-1859 Oregon Trail settlers.
Oregon Trail: The Trail West
Wagon Train of 1843 Members
Manifest Destiny Introduction Page
Manifest Destiny -- a phrase used by leaders and politicians in the 1840s to explain
continental expansion by the United States
John L. O'Sullivan on Manifest Destiny, 1839
Manifest Destiny 1841-1848

Abolition and Slavery

Underground Railroad and York County, Pennsylvania, The - offers images and background of locations throughout the county.
Underground Railroad in Canada - map of main settlement towns, related links, and commemorations.
Underground Railroad in Rochester, The - an overview of slavery, the Fugitive Slave Act, abolitionists, the Railroad and its history in Rochester, New York.
Underground Railroad Site - UC Davis project about the Underground Railroad providing excerpts from primary materials.
Underground Railroad Years: Canada in an International Arena - offers an illustrated history and interactive games.
Underground Railroad: Special Resource Study - the results of a study by the National Park Service of the Railroad. Includes a general overview, a brief discussion of slavery and abolitionism, escape routes used by slaves, and alternatives to commemorate and interpret the signficance of the phenomenon.
William Still Underground Railroad Foundation - focuses on ensuring the accurate depiction of the historical events pertaining to the UGRR and Anti-Slavery Society.

Friends of Freedom Society - Ohio Underground Railroad Association - volunteer organization working to research, identify, document, and preserve Ohio Underground Railroad sites.
History and Geography of the Underground Railroad - information on the organization and operations of the Underground Railroad.
History And Geography Of The Underground Railroad - covering its origins, organization, and operation.
Kentucky's Underground Railroad: Passage to Freedom - Kentucky people and places that played roles in the fugitive slave movement. Includes a teachers' resource section.
Menare Foundation - non-profit organization dedicated to the documentation, preservation, and restoration of Underground Railroad safe-houses. Created from historian Anthony Cohen's work on the Underground Railroad.
National Geographic: The Underground Railroad [read review] - retrace the perilous route taken by slaves and the network of people who helped in their trek to freedom.
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center - teaching lessons of courage and cooperation from Underground Railroad history to promote collaborative learning, dialogue, and action in order to inspire today`s freedom movements.
North Carolina Discoveries: The Underground Railroad - about this states role in the escape route for slaves.
On An Underground Railroad - lyrics and music by Kinny Landrum. Stories from American history on music video, in Real Player and Real Audio format.
Prospect Place - Ohio mansion which served as a station on the Underground Railroad.
St. James AME Church: Underground Railroad Project - offers historical information and data about the church's involvement in the Underground Railroad.
Studying the Underground Railroad With Celia and Eleni - information and links.

America's Story: Harriet Tubman - brief overview of her life. Includes pictures.
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad for Children - written by second graders and their teachers, with a timeline, quiz, pictures, and crossword puzzles.
Harriet Tubman Home Page - includes biography, pictures, and details of her home in Auburn, New York.
Harriet Tubman Webquest - explores the life of the Underground Railroad conductor. Includes pictures and links.
Harriet Tubman: Moses of the Civil War - by Russell Smith.
Harriet, the Moses of Her People. - reproduces the book about Harriet Tubman by Sarah H. Bradford. Published in 1886.
Jennie's Story Page: Harriet Tubman - a story and illustrations.
Most Remarkable Woman of this Age, The - a biographical article that first appeared in 1863.
Spectrum: Harriet Tubman - about the life of the Underground Railroad conductor.
Who2: Harriet Tubman - brief profile of the anti-slavery crusader and several related links.

Civil War

Selected Civil War Photographs - from the Library of Congress. Includes scenes of military personnel, preparations for battle, and battle after-effects, portraits of Confederate and Union officers and enlisted men.
Time Line of the Civil War - from the Library of Congress.
Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System - computerized database containing very basic facts about soldiers who served on both sides during the Civil War. From the National Park Service.
American Civil War Homepage - collection of materials about the American Civil War (1861-1865).
American Civil War Page - historical information on a variety of topics and issues relating to the war between the states. From Dakota State University.
Freedmen and Southern Society Project - books and documents concerning the history of emancipation during the American Civil War.
Time of the Lincolns, The - a film examining the Lincolns' personal history, slavery and freedom, and the Civil War.
Civil War at a Glance, The - offers a timeline and color maps of battle campaigns. From the U.S. Department of the Interior.
CivilWar.com - historical information related to the American Civil War.
HarpWeek: The Civil War Era (1857-1865) - electronic index of Civil War Era history, literature, advertising, society, and culture, as found in the publication Harper's Weekly.

PBS: The Civil War - PBS site for the rebroadcast of Ken Burns' 1990 series.
Valley of the Shadow Project - looks at the Civil War from the perspective of two communitites on either side of the Mason Dixon Line: Staunton, Virginia and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
American Civil War Homepage - collection of materials about the American Civil War (1861-1865).
American Civil War Page - historical information on a variety of topics and issues relating to the war between the states. From Dakota State University.
American Civil War, The - features timelines and pictures. Includes battlefields, generals, and documents.
American Civil War: An Environmental View - looks at the war's impact on farmland and forests.
American Civil War: The Struggle to Preserve the Union - includes examination of the causes, biographies of Northern and Southern leaders, battlefield parks, and photographs.
American Memory: Civil War Treasures - from the New York Historical Society.
AmericanCivilWar.com - features a timeline, state battle maps, alphabetic battle list, and features on the history of colored troops and women in the war.
Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac 1861-1865 - American Civil War events listed in chronological order.
Bob Koch's U. S. Civil War Site - Civil War photographs, current and 19th Century, concerning the Army of Northern Virginia.
Causes of the Civil War - presents primary documents from the period of the secession crisis. Includes Republican and Democratic party platforms, The Crittenden Compromise, and political speeches.
Civil War Archive - regimental histories, corps histories, battle summaries, rosters, reports, letters, links, battle flags and diaries.
Civil War Artillery - examines the variety of ordnance used by the Confederate and Federal forces during the American Civil War.
Civil War at a Glance, The - offers a timeline and color maps of battle campaigns. From the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Civil War at the Smithsonian - collects, preserves, and remembers the national experience through artifacts.
Civil War Book News - provides descriptions of new and forthcoming American Civil War books.
Civil War Central - features a timeline of events and brief profiles of Union and Confederate generals.
Civil War Diaries - letter, discharge certificate, Pennsylvania muster lists, and more.
Civil War Era Politics - excerpts from a study by Howard Ray White of American Politics from 1848 to 1877.
Civil War in Miniature - Civil War buff's compilation of documented facts and interesting tidbits.
Civil War Lighthouse Chat - for Civil War buffs.
Civil War Mysteries: Home of the Unknowns - provides descendants, collectors, historians, and archivists, etc. an avenue for posting unidentified photographs of Civil War soldiers for possible identification.
Civil War Pages - includes maps, pictures, documents, songs, and war rosters.
Civil War Photography Center - devoted to the history and presentation of original Civil War photography and methods including ambrotypes, ferrotypes, and stereographs.
Civil War Quiz Game - filled with tons of fun and educational facts.
Civil War Series
Civil War Sketch Artist - works by Alfred Waud which are housed at the Library of Congress.
Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System - computerized database containing very basic facts about soldiers who served on both sides during the Civil War. From the National Park Service.
Civil War, The - reenactment information, news archives, photographs, message boards, and more.
CivilWar.com - historical information related to the American Civil War.
CivilWarAlbum.com - modern photos and history related to the Vicksburg Campaign, Battles of Shiloh, Forts Donelson, and Henry, the war in Louisiana, and more. Also features records and maps.
Connecticut CDVs - collection of photographs of Connecticut Civil War soldiers, many identified and with additional information.
Denbigh Project - effort to identify, document, and preserve the wreck of Denbigh, one of the most successful blockade runners of the American Civil War.
eHistory.com - information and articles on the American Civil War.
Eye of the Storm - excerpts from the Civil War diaries of Robert Knox Sneden. Site includes Sneden's watercolors, journals, a forum section, and Flash movies.
Freedmen and Southern Society Project - books and documents concerning the history of emancipation during the American Civil War.

America's Bloodiest Day - detailed account of the events of the Battle of Sharpsburg (Antietam). With maps, pictures, and commentary.
Antietam [earthlink.net]
Antietam Battlefield - Images by Jay J. Pulli - images of the Antietam National Battlefield Park and the battle reenactment of September 14, 1997.
Antietam National Battlefield - Major General George McClellan commanded the Union forces against the General Robert E. Lee-led Confederate forces on September 16-18, 1862.
Antietam on the Web - comprehensive view of the American Civil War battle at Antietam.
Battle of Antietam - description and net guide to the battle.

Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park - commemorates the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House.
Spotsylvania Battlefield - information about trails and programs at the site of the 1864 battle.

Battle of Bull Run or Manassas - offers a brief historical synopsis.
Battle of Bull Run, The (1st Manassas) - offers official records and battle description.
First Battle of Bull Run - offers a brief description.
First Battle of Bull Run July 1861 - offers a brief overview and links to further resources.
History Central: Battle of Bull Run - offers a brief description of the battle.

Battle of Chickamauga - A summary of the Battle of Chickamauga (Sept 19-20, 1863) as seen by the 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment C.S.A.
Behind The Stonewall - 360 degree panoramic images from the battlefields of Gettysburg and Chickamauga.
Chickamauga to Athens - text discussing the battle, casualties, missing people, and prisoners.
Chickamauga: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report - a concise description.
Maps (3)
Prelude to Chickamauga - events leading up to the second bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
Battle of Chancellorsville

1862 Peninsula Campaign - retrace the steps of the Union and Confederate armies as they made history during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign.
Assault of Battery Wagner, The - July 18, 1863.
Averasboro Battlefield Commission - preserving the history of the Battle of Averasboro, North Carolina.

Battle of Hanover - about the defining engagement which occurred on June 30, 1863 between Stuart and Kilpatrick, and was part of the Gettysburg Campaign.
Battle of Mill Springs / Fishing Creek - early battle in Kentucky, 19 January 1862, also called battle of Logan's Crossroads and Somerset; history, maps, photos, soldiers, unit rosters and more.
Battle of Monocacy
Battle of Nashville Preservation Society and Civil War Roundtable - preserves the historic significance of the Nashville area in the Civil War years through an interpretive center (ultimately a museum site).
Battle of Olustee - Confederate Brigadier General Joseph Finegan defeated Union Brigadier General Truman Seymour on February 20-22, 1864.
Battle of Perryville - about the October 8, 1862 which was the largest Civil War battle fought in Kentucky.

Battle of Staunton River - commemorates the Civil War battle.
Battlefields of Manassas, The - dedicated to the study of the two battles fought at Manassas. Includes battle history, preservation news, and original articles.
Civil War Battle Image Map
Civil War Battlefields - features photos and history.
Civil War Battles by Campaign
Civil War Battles by State
Civil War Maps - reconnaissance, sketch, coastal, and theater-of-war maps which depict troop activities and fortifications. From the collection of the Library of Congress.

American Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg - offers pictures, quotes, and descriptions of events leading up to and during the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863.
Annual Gettysburg Reenactment - schedule of events, photographs, and reenactor updates for the annual July event.
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) - includes description, analysis, and personal anecdotes as well as excerpts from official records.
Battle of Gettysburg - July 1863
Behind The Stonewall - 360 degree panoramic images from the battlefields of Gettysburg and Chickamauga.
Geology and Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg National Military Park - site of the largest Civil War battle ever waged in the Western Hemisphere.
Military History Online: Battle of Gettysburg - features background and day-by-day overview of the battle, message boards, and more.
Sickles' Hole - strategic overview, centered on the July 2 advance. Features photos and maps.
Unofficial Visitors Guide to Gettysburg - guide to the Gettysburg battlefield, local accommodations, and attractions.
Walking Tour of Pickett's Charge - self-guided walking tour of the route taken by George Pickett's division during its assault on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863.
Abraham Lincoln Research Site - uncovers the man and the president, and offers an email-based research service for questions about Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site - located on Sinking Spring Farm, with an early 19th century Kentucky cabin symbolic of the one in which Lincoln was born.
Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project
Abraham Lincoln in Political Cartoons - series of cartoons showing the evolution of Lincoln's image from 1860 through the Civil War period to the early 1900s.
Abraham Lincoln Online - features speeches and writings, timelines, and news.
Abraham Lincoln: an Educational Site - information about Lincoln's assassination, family, real Civil War pictures, and other Lincoln influences and educational links and fun facts for students.
American Memory: Abraham Lincoln Papers - offers papers from the collection of over 20,000 at the Library of Congress.
American Presidents: Abraham Lincoln - facts, trivia, links, text of his 1861 and 1865 Inaugural Addresses, and some examples of his personal correspondence.
Events in the Life of Abraham Lincoln - brief biography illustrated by the first grade students at Berwick Academy.
Genealogical Information for Abraham Lincoln
Great Lincoln - includes brief biographical information, quotations, connections with JFK, and more.
History Place Presents Abraham Lincoln - includes a timeline, photos, and speeches.
Lincoln Documents in the Illinois State Archives - listing the complete holdings and making available selected documents online.
Lincoln Group, The - non-profit, tax-exempt historical society devoted to the study of Abraham Lincoln. Programs are held monthly in Washington, D. C., featuring nationally and locally recognized Lincoln scholars and specialists.
Lincoln Home National Historic Site - about the only home Lincoln ever owned, a two story house in Springfield, Illinois.
Lincoln Legal Papers - documentary history of the law practice of Abraham Lincoln, 1836-1861.
Lincoln North - items from the Nathanson collection of Lincolniana includes thousands of items including books, pamphlets, prints, manuscripts, and other ephemera.
Lincoln Project - re-creation of the life of the sixteenth president, utilizing a multimedia photographic presentation and narrative.
Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library - American Memory project from the Library of Congress.
Mr. Lincoln's White House - offers a look at life in the White House during the years that Lincoln resided there.
Six Historic Americans: Abraham Lincoln - from the works of Robert G. Ingersoll.
Time of the Lincolns, The - a film examining the Lincolns' personal history, slavery and freedom, and the Civil War.
Top Seven Lincoln Books - reading course of study in the life and times of Abraham Lincoln.
Virtualology: Abraham Lincoln - biographical background on the 16th President of the United States.
White House: Abraham Lincoln - biography of the sixteenth president.
Works of Abraham Lincoln - inaugural addresses, Emancipation Proclamation, and Gettysburg Address.

Beauvoir: Last Home of President Jefferson Davis - retirement home of the only confederate president.
Jefferson Davis Memorial Home Page
Jefferson Davis Memorial Page - dedicated to the first and only president of the Confederate States of America.
Papers of Jefferson Davis, The
Virtualology: Jefferson Davis - features handwriting samples and biography.
Armistead, Lewis (1817-1863) (5)
Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876) (4)
Burnside, Ambrose Everett (1824-1881) (5)
Camp, James Longstreet (1821-1904) - served as a Major General in the Confederate Army.
Carrington, Henry Beebee "H.B." (1824-1912) - served as a Union general.
Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence (1828-1914) (4)
Civil War Generals
Cleburne, Patrick (1828-1864) (4)
Early, Jubal (1816-1894) (3)
Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1821-1877) (3)
Fremont, John C. (1813-1890)@
Grant, Ulysses S. (1822-1885)@
Hill, Ambrose Powell (A.P.) (1825-1865) (2)
Hill, Benjamin Jefferson (1825-1880)
Hood, John Bell (1831-1879)
Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879) (2)
Jackson, Thomas J. "Stonewall" (1824-1863) (10)
Johnson, Edward (1816-1873) - Major General, CSA.
Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870) (12)
McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885) (6)
Meade, George Gordon (1815-1872) (1)
Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891) (3)
Thomas, George H. (1816-1870) (2)
Wheeler, Joseph (1836-1906) (2)

Civil War Letters of James and Harriet Christman - epistolary exchange from 1864 to 1875.
Civil War Letters Of Richard W. Burt of the 76th Ohio Infantry
Civil War letters of Samuel S. Dunton - to his family while serving in 114th NY Infantry during the North American Conflict of 1861 - 1865.
D. H. Cory; 6th OH Volunteer Cavalry; Civil War Era Letters - diary and letters.
Juckett Family Civil War Letters - letters written by A.J. Juckett while serving with the 2nd Michigan Infantry during the Civil War.
Letter from Sgt. Joseph Fisher - dated November 3, 1862. A member of the 126th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Company A.
Letters from Captain Richard W. Burt - member of the 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.
Letters Home from an Iowa Soldier in the U.S. Civil War - part of a collection written by Newton Scott, Private, Company A, of the 36th Infantry, Iowa Volunteers, from 1862 thru 1865.
Letters of the Civil War
Letters to and from Civil War Participants
Overall Family Civil War Letters - letters home from a soldier in the 36th OVI during his service in the Civil War.
Papers of Jefferson Davis, The
Sneden Civil War Collection - collection of Civil War diary and drawings of Robert K. Sneden. With watercolors, maps, and diary excerpts detailing his service in the 40th NY Regiment and as a prisoner of war.
Your Soldier Boy Samuel - presents the Civil War letters of Lt. Samuel E. Nichols, 37th Massachusetts Volunteers.

Cabinet of the Confederacy - biographies of Confederate cabinet members.
Confederate Site of America, The - virtual compendium of the Confederacy, including photograph gallery, web directory, and music.
Confederate States of America - information about the CSA, the Confederate Navy, and Civil War reenactments.
Confederate War Department, The - includes news from the front lines and documents.
Johnny Reb's Page
Macon Armory Site - history of Confederate States Armory at Macon, Georgia and its role in weapons and ordnance manufacturing.
Old Time South
Rebel Gray - essays on Civil War history from the Southern perspective.
Rebels of the Confederate South - covers the history of the Civil War with a focus on Georgia. Includes information about flags, famous generals, battlefields, and more.
War for Southern Independence - articles from the Confederate Magazine, historical documents, and information.
War Medals of the Confederacy - approved by the Confederate Congress, this medal and badge of distinction were never conferred, and there is no record of any medal having been prepared.
WBTS History

11th Texas Cavalry, Company B. - Civil War re-enactors in North Texas (Cooke and Denton counties).
2nd Texas Infantry - participating in roundball and skirmish type events.
43rd Virginia Cavalry - also known as Mosby's Rangers. Site includes biography of the unit's commander, Col. John Singleton Mosby, and background on reenactments.
Alabama 19th Regiment, Company H
Alabama 23rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment - regimental history from 1861 to 1865.
Alabama 27th Infantry - muster rolls for companies A - K, and listings of soldiers from unknown companies and those that died as POWs.
Alabama 47th Volunteer Infantry Regiment - including company muster rolls, pictures, battle histories, burial sites, lost members of the Regiment, and folk lore.
Alabama 4th Co E Cavalry - roster, history and genealogy of the men from the Franklin County, vicinity (northwest Alabama) that enlisted in Company E.
Alabama Civil War Regimental Histories
Alabama Company E 15th Infantry Regiment - living history group portraying the every day life of the Civil War soldier through camp life and battle reenactment exhibits.
Arkansas 7th Infantry - reenactment group which portrays the average soldier who left Arkansas to fight for the Confederacy in the Army of Tennessee.
Army of Northern Virginia: A Year of Glory - June 1862 - June 1863 - story of the first twelve months of this army under Robert E. Lee.
Confederate Cavalry 1861-1865 - in Russian.
Georgia 8th Infantry - contains history, battles, commanders, flags, company rosters, writings, photos, descendants, and more.
Maryland 1st Cavalry
Mississippi 26th Infantry - history, rosters, and personal accounts.
North Carolina 37th Troops - includes information about individual companies, an alphabetical roster, and more.
Semple's Battery - dedicated to the men who served in the unit also called Marks Artillery Battery. Includes muster rolls, regimental history, newpaper articles, and official reports.
South Carolina 1st Volunteer Infantry - unit information on the Pee Dee Light Artillery, a member of the North-South Skirmish Association (N-SSA).
Tennessee 20th Cavalry, CSA
Texas 8th Cavalry Regiment - dedicated to gathering, preserving, and sharing the history of the unit also known as Terry's Rangers.
Virgina 35th Battalion Cavalry CSA
Virginia 24th & 42nd Infantry - information on these units in the Confederate States Army.
Virginia 51st Infantry Regiment - alphabetical listing of the soldiers.

Battleflag.org - dedicated to the preservation of Confederate heritage, and to the preservation of Confederate monuments, flags, and memorials throughout the South.
Confederate Stars and Bars - overview of the flags of the Confederacy.
Flags of the Confederacy - examines national and battle flags.
Flags Of The Confederacy (FOTC) - devoted to Confederate vexillology.

Caring For The Men: The History of Civil War Medicine - how doctors made a few halting strides in treatment and medication, and considerable leaps in the organization of dealing with masses of wounded and ailing soldiers.
Civil War Battlefield Medicine - examination of medical practices during the war.
Civil War Medical Terminology
Civil War Medicine - information on medical care, nurses, sanitary commissions, the ambulance corps, and more.
Civil War Medicine [geocities.com] - debunks popular myths about battlefied surgery and disease.
Civil War Medicine [powerweb.net]
Civil War Medicine Bibliography
From Quackery to Bacteriology: Medicine in the Civil War - pictures and information on what Civil War health providers were forced to deal with.
Resources in Civil War Medicine - bibliography of texts.
Tompkins-McCaw Library: Civil War Medicine - offers list of links.
Michigan in the Civil War

Reconstruction

Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
A Bitter Peace - Reconstruction in Georgia
America's Reconstruction - People and Politics After the Civil War
A Shared Past - When Did Reconstruction End
African-American Sharecroppers During Reconstruction
RECONSTRUCTION - Aftermath of the Civil War
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War
The Agony of Reconstruction, 1865-1900

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